References

Key sources used for the most load-bearing statements on this site. This is not an exhaustive bibliography.

WHO. New guidelines on antenatal care for a positive pregnancy experience (2016). Source
WHO. Daily iron and folic acid supplementation during pregnancy (eLENA). Source
CDC. Neural tube defects: folic acid 400 micrograms daily before and during early pregnancy; only form proven to prevent NTDs. Source
CDC. FASD: no known safe amount, time, or type of alcohol during pregnancy or when trying to get pregnant. Source
ACOG. Alcohol and Pregnancy (patient guidance): no safe amount or type. Source
ACOG Committee Opinion. Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation (2017). Source
Sweet DG, et al. European Consensus Guidelines on Management of RDS (2022 update; published 2023). Source
AAP/AHA. Neonatal Resuscitation: 2020 AHA Guidelines (Pediatrics supplement). Source
CDC. Congenital heart defects data: ~1% of births; ~1 in 4 critical. Source
Fogelström A, et al. Omphalocele prevalence and survival (2021): ~1/10,000 live births. Source
Wilson L, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of OA/TOF (2024): ~2.75 per 10,000 births (UK). Source
Liu X, et al. Cesarean delivery and risk of asthma/allergies: systematic review & meta-analysis (2024). Source
AAP NeoReviews. Strategies to Prevent Severe ROP: oxygen saturation target range commonly 90–95% in ELBW infants. Source
AAP Policy Statement: Breastfeeding and the Use of Human Milk (2022). Source
WHO. Stillbirth rate indicator definition (≥28 weeks for international comparison). Source

Clinical practice varies by country and by patient factors. Where your local guideline differs, follow your local standard.