Breastfeeding vs formula
Feeding decisions should be evidence-informed and non-judgmental. The goal is safe nutrition, growth, bonding, and caregiver wellbeing.
Breastfeeding / human milk: benefits
- AAP recommends exclusive breastfeeding for about 6 months and continued breastfeeding (with complementary foods) for 2 years or beyond as desired.[14]
- Human milk provides immune factors and is associated with lower infection rates; in preterm infants it is associated with reduced NEC risk.[14]
- Very preterm infants often need fortification to meet protein/mineral requirements.
Formula feeding: benefits and risks
- Formula is safe and nutritionally complete when prepared correctly.
- Specialty formulas can be medically indicated for some infants.
- Primary risks relate to preparation (concentration, hygiene, safe water). Follow local public-health guidance.
Clinical reality: combination feeding is common and can be an effective compromise.
Risk-reduction checklist
| Topic | Risk | Risk reduction |
|---|---|---|
| Early feeding | Hypoglycemia in at-risk infants | Early feeds and screening for high-risk groups per nursery/NICU protocol |
| Milk transfer | Dehydration, excessive jaundice, poor weight gain | Early lactation support; follow-up weight checks; supplement if medically indicated |
| Formula prep | Infection or electrolyte imbalance | Clean equipment, correct dilution, safe water as per guidance |
| Preterm feeding | NEC; growth failure | Human milk if available, standardized advancement, fortification, close monitoring |